PUBLIC SPEAKING SKILL

Starting a Presentation

In modern English, Presentations tend to be much less formal than they were even twenty years ago. Most audience these days prefer a relatively informal approach. However, there is a certain structure to the opening of a Presentation that you should observe.

1. Get people's attention
2. Welcome them
3. Introduce yourself
4. State the purpose of your presentation
5. State how you want to deal with questions

Get people's attention

• If I could have everybody's attention.
• If we can start.
• Perhaps we should begin?
• Let's get started.

Welcome them

• Welcome to English College.
• Thank you for coming today.
• Good morning, ladies and gentlemen.
• On behalf of Intel, I'd like to welcome you.

Introduce yourself

• My name's Jeni Shahara. I'm responsible for travel arrangements.
• For those of you who don't know me, my name's Toni Scotter.
• As you know, I'm in charge of public relations.
• I'm the new Marketing Manager.

State the purpose of your presentation

• This morning I'd like to present our new education system.
• Today I'd like to discuss our failures in the Indonesian market and suggest a new approach.
• This afternoon, I'd like to report on my study into the German education market.
• What I want to do this morning is to talk to you about our new education system.
• What I want to do is to tell you about our successes and failures in introducing new working patterns.
• What I want to do is to show you how we've made our first successful steps in the potentially huge Chinese market.

State how you want to deal with questions.

• If you have any questions, I'll be happy to answer them as we go along.
• Feel free to ask any questions.
• Perhaps we can leave any questions you have until the end?
• There will be plenty of time for questions at the end.

Of course, these are only suggestions and other language is possible. Even within this limited group of phrases, just choose a few you feel comfortable with and learn and use those.

A Friendly Face

When you stand up in front of that audience, you’re going to be really nervous.

Poor speakers pay little or no attention to their audience as people. Big mistake.

If you can see your audience as a group of individuals, you’ll be much more likely to connect with those individuals.

Start looking around your audience. See that big guy with his arms folded and an ‘impress me’ look on his face? Best not to look at him too much. How about that lady with the big smile, looking encouragingly towards you? OK, that’s your mother, she doesn’t count. But that other lady with a similar smile is someone you don’t know. But from now on she’s your ‘friend’. Every time that you need any encouragement, look in her direction. Make good eye contact. Establish a form of communication between you.

And now you’ve found one ‘friend’, you’ll begin to see others in the audience. Pick out ‘friends’ all round the room. If you see an ‘impress me’ person and get discouraged, switch your view back to one of your ‘friends’.

Once you are aware that there are people in your audience who want you to succeed, you’ll be much more likely to succeed.

Dealing with Nerves

Almost everybody is nervous when they stand up to speak. There’s no shame in being nervous. However, if you are too nervous, your anxiety will spread to your audience, making them nervous in turn.

So how can you stop yourself from feeling too nervous? Here are a few tips.

1. Don’t get hung up about being nervous. It’s a normal human reaction. Don’t make yourself more nervous because you’re nervous.

2. Walk off your excessive nervousness. If possible, walk outside and get some fresh air at the same time. But a walk down the corridor is better than no walk.

3. Don’t let your legs go to sleep. Keep the blood supply moving. Keep both feet on the floor and lean forward. Wiggle your toes. If you can stand up without disturbing anybody, do so.

4. Work your wrists, arms and shoulders to get the tension out of them. Gentle movements, not a major workout, will remove that tension.

5. Work your jaw. Gentle side-to-side or circular motion will help to loosen it.

6. Repeat positive affirmations quietly to yourself. “I am a good presenter.” It may seem corny but it works.

7. Above all, breathe deeply. Make sure your stomach is going out when you breathe in.

Don’t be self-conscious about these warm-up activities. Most good speakers do them. Most people won’t even notice that you are doing them. They’re here to hear you speak, they’re not interested in what you do when you are not in the limelight.

Stand Up When You Speak

I don’t think you’re going to like today’s point. I don’t like it very much myself but it’s got to be done. For most purposes, when you give a presentation you should stand. Not clutching the back of your chair for support, not leaning against the podium but two feet on the floor facing your audience.

There are times when sitting is right. When it’s an informal discussion, for example, where everybody is to contribute. But most of the time you need to stand.

• You can move around the room. This has the simple effect that people will look at you, not shut their eyes and drift off
• You can make eye contact with everybody
• You can reach all your props and teaching material easily
• You’re involving your whole body in the presentation. Many people think this makes it more memorable.
• You’re sending out the signal to the participants that ‘this will be short’. Only a few self-obsessed people stand up in front of audiences for longer than they need to. And you’re not one of those, are you?

The worst part of standing up is the actual standing up. Most people don’t feel at ease as they get out of their chair and walk forward to their speaking position. Here are a couple of tips.

• As you’re waiting, keep your feet flat on the floor. Don’t have them crossed. Trust me, getting up and walking will be so much easier.
• Decide in advance where you are going to stand. Focus on that spot
• Walk forward briskly and confidently.

And that’s how you become a stand up sort of person.

Focusing attention

When we really want to focus the attention of our audience on an important point, we can use this "What ……. is …."

Look at these examples:

• We must cut costs.
• What we must do is cut costs.

• We need more reliable suppliers.
• What we need is more reliable suppliers.

How to Beat Panic When You Present

If you panic at the thought of making a presentation, you are not alone. Several studies have shown that public speaking is the thing that people fear most – more than snakes, flying or even death. That means that, at a funeral, most people would rather be in the coffin than making the eulogy!

How can you get over this fear? Here are some tips:

Get there early. Make sure you get familiar with the room. Stand where you are going to give your presentation until you begin to feel relaxed standing there. Try out the audiovisual equipment you will be using.

Introduce yourself to as many members of the audience as you can before you start. This helps turn the audience into a group of friendly faces rather than a wall of strangers.

Whilst you are doing this, pick out a couple of ‘friendly faces’. During the presentation, maintain regular eye-contact with your ‘new friends’.

Keep a photo of a child, a spouse or a pet near you. Look at it from time to time for reassurance.
Breathe deeply and rhythmically. This will bring oxygen into your system, relax your throat and help you breath more slowly.

Act confidently even if you are not feeling confident. You will find yourself becoming confident.

Wear a rubber band around your wrist. Snap it if you are feeling negative thoughts.

Remember that it will soon be over. Twenty minutes is not very long in your lifetime!

GRAMMAR 1 (CONTINUOUS)

Present simple

The present simple is used to talk about actions we see as long term or permanent. It is very common and very important.

In these examples, we are talking about regular actions or events.

• I drive to work every day.
• She doesn't come very often.
• The games usually start at 8.00 in the evening.
• What do you usually have for breakfast?

In these examples, we are talking about facts.

• Water freezes at 0° C or 32° F.
• I have three children.
• What does this word mean?
• I don't have any of my original teeth left.

In these examples, we are talking about future facts, usually found in a timetable or a chart.

• The plane leaves at 5.00 tomorrow morning.
• Christmas Day falls on a Sunday this year.
• Ramadan doesn't begin for another 2 weeks.
• Does the class begin this week or next?

In these examples, we are talking about our thoughts and feelings at the time of speaking. Notice that, although these feelings can be short-term, we use the present simple and not the present continuous.

• I think you are wrong.
• She doesn't want to do it.
• They don't agree with us.
• Do you understand what I am trying to say?

Present simple

We use the Present Simple for:

regular actions or events

• I watch TV most evenings.

facts

• The sun rises in the east.

facts known about the future

• The plane leaves at 5.00 in the morning.

thoughts and feelings about the time of speaking

• I don't understand.

We use the Present Continuous for

the time of speaking ('now')

• I'm watching a movie on TV.

things which are true at the moment but not always

• I'm looking for a new job.

present plans for the future

• I'm taking my husband to New York for his birthday.

Look at these sentences :

• I usually don't drink coffee but I'm having one this morning because there is nothing else.
• I often drive to work but I'm taking the train this morning because my car is in for repair.
• I'm thinking about dying my hair blonde but I don't think my wife will be very happy about it.
• My parents live in New York but I'm just visiting.

Notice how in all these examples we use the present continuous to talk about events which are temporary/limited in time and the present simple to talk about events which are habits/permanent

Present continuous

The present continuous is used to talk about present situations which we see as short-term or temporary. We use the present simple to talk about present situations which we see as long-term or permanent.

In these examples, the action is taking place at the time of speaking.

• It's raining.
• Who is Kate talking to on the phone?
• Look, somebody is trying to steal that man's wallet.
• I'm not looking. My eyes are closed tightly.

In these examples, the action is true at the present time but we don't think it will be true in the long term.

• I'm looking for a new apartment.
• He's thinking about leaving his job.
• They're considering making an appeal against the judgment.
• Are you getting enough sleep?

In these examples, the action is at a definite point in the future and it has already been arranged.

• I'm meeting her at 6.30.
• They aren't arriving until Tuesday.
• We are having a special dinner at a top restaurant for all the senior managers.
• Isn't he coming to the dinner?

Past simple

We use the past simple to talk about actions and states which we see as completed in the past.

We can use it to talk about a specific point in time.

• She came back last Friday.
• I saw her in the street.
• They didn't agree to the deal.

It can also be used to talk about a period of time.

• She lived in Tokyo for seven years.
• They were in London from Monday to Thursday of last week.
• When I was living in New York, I went to all the art exhibitions I could.

You will often find the past simple used with time expressions such as these:

• Yesterday
• three weeks ago
• last year
• in 2002
• from March to June
• for a long time
• for 6 weeks
• in the 1980s
• in the last century
• in the past

Past continuous

We use the past simple to talk about actions and states which we see as completed in the past.

We can use it to talk about a specific point in time.
We use the past continuous to talk about past events which went on for a period of time.

We use it when we want to emphasize the continuing process of an activity or the period of that activity. (If we just want to talk about the past event as a simple fact, we use the past simple.)

• While I was driving home, Peter was trying desperately to contact me.
• Were you expecting any visitors?
• Sorry, were you sleeping?
• I was just making some coffee.
• I was thinking about him last night.
• In the 1990s few people were using mobile phones.

We often use it to describe a "background action" when something else happened.

• I was walking in the street when I suddenly fell over.
• She was talking to me on the phone and it suddenly went dead.
• They were still waiting for the plane when I spoke to them.
• The company was declining rapidly before he took charge.
• We were just talking about it before you arrived.
• I was making a presentation in front of 500 people when the microphone stopped working.

Past simple or continuous

Both the past simple and the past continuous refer to completed actions in the past.

Most of the time when we are talking about such actions, we use the past simple. This is by far the most common way of talking about the past.

• I lived there for 6 years.
• I only found out a few moments ago.
• I asked her but she didn't know anything.
• The company made 100 people redundant last year.

Only use the past continuous when you want to emphasize the continuity of the action.

• Everybody was talking about it all evening.
• They were really trying hard but couldn't do it.
• I was thinking about you the other day.
• Were you expecting that to happen?

When we use these two forms in the same sentence, we use the past continuous to talk about the "background action" and the past simple to talk about the shorter completed action.

• It was raining hard when we left the building.
• I was reading the report when you rang.
• He was going out to lunch when I saw him.
• The company was doing well when I last visited it.

Present perfect continuous

This tense is used to talk about an action or actions that started in the past and continued until recently or that continue into the future:
We can use it to refer to an action that has finished but you can still see evidence.

• Oh, the kitchen is a mess. Who has been cooking?
• You look tired. Have you been sleeping properly?
• I've got a a stiff neck. I've been working too long on computer.

It can refer to an action that has not finished.

• I've been learning Spanish for 20 years and I still don't know very much.
• I've been waiting for him for 30 minutes and he still hasn't arrived.
• He's been telling me about it for days. I wish he would stop.

It can refer to a series of actions.

• She's been writing to her regularly for a couple of years.
• He's been phoning me all week for an answer.
• The university has been sending students here for over twenty years to do work experience.

The present perfect continuous is often used with 'since', 'for', 'all week', 'for days', 'lately', 'recently', 'over the last few months'.

• I've been wanting to do that for ten years.
• You haven't been getting good results over the last few months.
• They haven't been working all week. They're on strike
• He hasn't been talking to me for weeks.
• We've been working hard on it for ages.
• I've been looking at other options recently.
• He's been working here since 2001.

Past perfect continuous

We use the past perfect continuous to look back at a situation in progress.

• It was a good time to invest. Inflation had been falling for several months.
• Before I changed jobs, I had been working on a plan to reduce production costs.
• We had been thinking about buying a new house but then we decided to stay here.

We use it to say what had been happening before something else happened.

• It had been snowing for a while before we left.
• We had been playing tennis for only a few minutes when it started raining.
• He was out of breath when he arrived because he had been running.

We use it when reporting things said in the past.

• She said she had been trying to call me all day.
• They said they had been shopping.
• I told you I had been looking for some new clothes.

Present perfect simple or continuous

Often there is very little difference between the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous. In many cases, both are equally acceptable.

• They've been working here for a long time but Andy has worked here for even longer.
• I've lived here for 10 years and she has been living here for 12 years.

To emphasize the action, we use the continuous form.

• We've been working really hard for a couple of months.
• She's been having a hard time.

To emphasize the result of the action, we use the simple form.

• I've made fifteen phone calls this morning.
• He's written a very good report.

Look at the difference in these examples.

• I've been reading this book for two months but I've only read half of it. It's very difficult to read.
• She's been trying to convince him for 20 minutes but she hasn't managed to yet.
• They've been talking about this for month and they still haven't found a solution.

When an action is finished and you can see the results, use the continuous form.

• The phone bill is enormous. You've been calling your boyfriend in Australia, haven't you?
• You're red in the face. Have you been running?

When you use the words 'ever' or 'never', use the simple form.

• I don't know them. I've never met them.
• Have you ever heard anything so strange in your life.

Present perfect or past simple

(British English and American English have different rules for the use of the present perfect. The comments being made here and the exercises state the correct grammar for British English. However, in American English, it is often considered acceptable to use the past simple in some of these examples.)

We use the past simple to talk about actions in the past that have finished. It talks about 'then' and definitely excludes 'now'.

We use the present perfect simple to look back on actions in the past from the present. It always includes 'now'.

These sentences are in the past with no connection to the present.

• I first met him 10 years ago.
• I started work here in 1987.
• I ate too much at lunchtime.

Now look at these same situations seen from the present.

• I've known him for 10 years.
• I've worked here since 1987.
• My stomach hurts. I've eaten too much.

Typical time phrases that we use with the past simple are 'yesterday', 'ago', 'last year', 'in 1999'.

• I spoke to him yesterday.
• She came in a few moments ago.
• We made our last purchase over a year ago.
• He joined the company in 1999.

Typical time phrases that we use with the present perfect are 'ever', 'never', 'since'.

• I've never seen so many people.
• Have you ever been more shocked?
• I've done a lot since we last spoke.

Typical time phrases always used with the present perfect in British English but often used with the past simple in American English are 'already', 'just', 'yet'.

• I haven't done it yet. (UK)
• I didn't do it yet. (US)
• I've just done it. (UK)
• I just did it. (US)
• I've already done it. (UK)
• I already did it. (US)

The time phrase 'for' can be used with both forms, but with different meanings.

• I went to Munich for the weekend but I came back on Sunday evening.
• I've been in Munich for the weekend and I've brought you back some German sausages.

EXERCISE

The Legend of Toba

Lake

Once upon time, there was a handsome man. His name was Batara Guru Sahala. He liked fishing. One day, he caught a fish. He was surprised to find out that the fish could talk. The fish begged him to set it free.

Batara Guru could not bear it. He made the fish free. As soon as it was free, the fish changed into a very beautiful woman. She attracted Batara Guru so much. He felt in love with that fish-woman. The woman wanted to marry with him and said that Batara Guru had to keep the secret which she had been a fish. Batara Guru aggreed and promised that he would never tell anybody about it.

They were married happily. They had two daughters. One day Batara Guru got very angry with his daughter. He could not control his mad. He shouted angrily and got the word of fish to his daugters. The daughters were crying. They found their mother and talked her about it.

The mother was very annoyed. Batara Guru broke his promise. The mother was shouting angrily. Then the earth began to shake. Volcanoes started to erupt. The earth formed a very big hole. People believed that the big hole became a lake. Then this lake is known as Toba lake.

( Instruction: Translate the passage before you answer the question!)

QUESTION TO ANSWER

1. How was Batara Guru look like?
2. What was his hobby?
3. What made his surprise about?
4. What was that fish actually?
5. Could Batara Guru hear that speaking fish?
6. What was the secret that they keep?
7. How many children did they have?
8. Why did he not control his mad?
9. What was happened after his wife shout?
10. How was the Toba lake created?

ENGLISH FOR BANKING

CHECKING ACCOUNTS

In the United States, checking accounts are available only at commercial banks. Commercial banks specialize in demand deposits. Such as checking accounts A checking accounts is money that a customer deposits in order to use that money to write checks. Saving accounts pay the depositor interest but checking accounts do not. In fact, checking account customers pay the bank a service charge for the bookkeeping involved in administering the account.

The method of recordkeeping is also different in savings accounts transaction. The bank records these transactions in the depositor’s passbook. Checking account customers, however, do not have passbooks. They themselves record the amounts of the checks that they write and they receive a monthly statement from the bank. This statement lists all the checks that the bank paid and all deposits that the account holder made during the month. The bank usually sends the statement with the customer’s cancelled checks. The customer than compares the balance on the statement with the balance in his own records by subtracting the total of his outstanding checks.

There are other fees that the bank may collect from checking account holders. For instance, banks charge a fee for stopping payment on a check. When a depositor decides that he doesn’t want the bank to pay a payee, but he has already written a check to that person, he may give the bank a stop payment order. The bank will then refuse to pay this check, and charges the depositor a fee. Banks also charge a depositor a fee when hi is overdrawn. A depositor is overdrawn when he writes a check for more money than the balance in his account. The bank marks the check “insufficient funds,” returns it, and charges a penalty for it. In everyday language we say that a check returned for insufficient funds has “bounced.”

Recent charges in banking regulations have allowed saving banks to offer negotiable order of withdrawal accounts. These accounts. Called N.O.W. accounts, are very similar to checking accounts but they pay interest like saving accounts. The depositors can write withdrawal orders against the balance in the account . these withdrawal orders look like checks, and depositors receive a monthly statement summarizing deposits and withdrawals. There is often no service charge if depositors keep a minimum balance in their accounts. Commercial banks also offer N.O.W. accounts.

As far as checking accounts go, the different between savings banks and commercial banks are growing smaller in the U.S.

(Translate the passage above into good Indonesian )

CONVERSATION 1

How It Began…

“Dialogue” 1 :

This is the story about Linda and Brian. Read how they get to know each other

in 10 edutaining lessons.

Brian: Hello, what are you doing here?

Linda: Hello, I am Linda! This is my younger sister, and we are waiting here for our

friend Carla. She is in the department store over there, and we are already tired. Who

are you?

Brian: Oh, I am Brian. Yes, I am also waiting for a friend. He is in the department

store, too. Are you here often?

Linda: We are here every day. Hahaha.

Brian: Yes, the department store is very big! Hahaha.

Linda: Look! There she is.

Brian: My friend is there too! Hey, what are you doing tonight?

Linda: We are going to the cinema! And you?

Brian: First, we are drinking something and then … we do not know yet. My friend is

here since this morning. He is just on vacation here.

Linda: Are you also new here?

Brian: Yes, I am actually from Germany, and my friend is from Sweden. My father,

however, is British.

Linda: Oh, that is interesting. Unfortunately, I have to go. You are very nice

Brian : Thanks! You are too! Maybe I will see you around!

Free English Work- & Textbook on: www.english-portal.

Grammar 1:

Personal Pronouns,

Forms of “to be” – Present Tense :

Singular: Plural:

1. I am

1. We are

2. You are

2. You are

3. He is, she is, it is

3. They are

Exercise 1 A :

Fill in the correct form of “to be”. Choose from this box:

Am - Are –Is

This ________ the story about Linda and Brian. Read how they get to know

each other in 10 edutaining lessons.

Brian: Hello, what ______ you doing here? Linda: Hello, I ____ Linda! This is my

younger sister and we ______ waiting here for our friend Carla. She ____ in the

department store over there and we ______ already tired. Who ______ you? Brian:

Oh I ____ Brian. Yes, I ____ waiting for a friend. He ____ in the department store,

too. ______ you here often? Linda: We ______ here every day. Hahaha. Brian:

Yes, the department store ____ very big! Hahaha. Linda: Look! There she ____ .

Brian: My friend ____ there too! And what ______ you doing tonight? Linda: We

_____ going to the cinema! And you? Brian: First, we ______ drinking something

and then … we do not know yet. My friend ____ here since this morning. He ____

just on vacation here. Linda: ______ you also new here? Brian: Yes, I ____ actually

from Germany and my friend ____ from Sweden. My father, however, ____ British.

Linda: Oh, that _____ interesting. Unfortunately, I have to go. You ______ very

nice. Brian: Thanks! You ______ too! Maybe I will see you around!

Free English Work- & Textbook on: www.english-portal.net

Exercise 1 B :

Fill in the correct personal pronoun. Choose from this box:

He - She -They - You

This is the story about Linda and Brian. Read how ______ get to know each

other in 10 edutaining lessons.

Brian: Hello, what are ______ doing here? Linda: Hello, __ am Linda! This is my

younger sister and ____ are waiting here for our friend Carla. ______ is in the

department store over there, and ____ are already tired. Who are ______ ? Brian:

Oh, __ am Brian. Yes, __ am also waiting for a friend. ____ is in the department

store, too. Are ______ here often? Linda: ____ are here every day. Hahaha. Brian:

Yes, the department store is very big! Hahaha. Linda: Look! There ______ is. Brian:

My friend is there too! And what are ______ doing tonight? Linda: _____ are going

to the cinema! And where are you? Brian: First, ____ are drinking something and

then … ____ do not know yet. My friend is here since this morning. ____ is just on

vacation here. Linda: Are ______ also new here? Brian: Yes, ____ am actually from

Germany and my friend is from Sweden. My father, however, is British. Linda: Oh,

that is interesting. Unfortunately, __ have to go. ______ are very nice. Brian:

Thanks! ______ are too! Maybe __ will see you around!

Free TOEFL Study on the Internet

Taking the TOEFL is a necessary step for any non US educated student wanting to study at a North American university. It is also increasingly required from other educational institutions throughout the world as well as a desired or mandatory job qualification.

While it is true that the TOEFL is an extremely difficult test there are a number of resources to help students prepare for the test. Luckily the Internet has an ever expanding treasure trove of study materials. Most of these areas require registration and payment however a number of the sites do offer some free services. If you are interested in taking the TOEFL it will probably be necessary to purchase some of these services. This guide shows you a number of the free services available on the Internet. By using this feature you can get an excellent headstart on your studies without paying a dime.

What is the TOEFL?

Before beginning to study for the TOEFL it is a good idea to understand the philosophy and purpose behind this standardized test. Here is an excellent detailed description of the Internet based test. Finally, here is an excellent introduction at Get TOEFL.

What can I expect from TOEFL?

There are a number of resources available to help you discover exactly what grammar listening and reading skills will be expected on the TOEFL. One of the most thorough of these resources is Testwise.Com

which explains each type of question in terms of the grammar or skill required to answer that type of question successfully.

How do I approach the TOEFL?

One of the most important skills to acquire before taking the test is not a language skill. It is TOEFL test taking strategy. To get up to speed on test taking, this guide to taking tests can help you understand general test taking preparation. The TOEFL, like all standardized American tests, has a very particular structure and typical traps for you to fall into. By understanding these traps and structures you can go a long way to improving your score. Here is a great introduction to taking the test at Get TOEFL :

Listening

Structure

Reading

Writing

The writing section of the TOEFL requires that you write an essay based on a set topic. Testmagic.com has a wonderful selection of sample essays

discussing common mistakes and giving examples of essays with various scores to show you the range expected on the essay.

Next Page - Links to free practice exercises.
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